1.REPORTED
SPEECH
Definition
Reported speech is a means of expressing the content
of statement, questions or other utterances , without quoting them explicity as
is done in reported speech. In terms of grammar, reported speech often makes use
of certain syntactic structures such as content clauses and sometimes
infinitive phares. Reference to questions in reported speech frequently take
the form of interrogative content clauses, also called reported questions.
In reported speech certain grammatical categories
are changed relative to the words of the original sentence. When written,
reported speech is not normally enclosed in quotation marks or any similar
typographical devices for indicating that a direct quotation of someone's words.
How to change
In reported speech, words generally have referents
appropriate to the context in which the act of reporting takes place, rather
than that in which the act of reporting takes place, rather than that in which
the speech act being reported took place. The two act often differ in reference
point (origo) - the point in time and place and the person speaking - and also
in the person being addressed and the linguistic context. Thus when a sentence
is put into reported speech. In particular this commonly affects:
- personal pronouns, such as I, you,
he.we, and the corresponding verbs forms (in pro-drop languanges the
meaning of the pronoun may be conveyed solely by verb inflection).
- demonstratives, such as this and
that
- phares or relative time or place
such as now, yesterday and here
There may also be a change of tense or
other modifications to the form of the verb, such as change of mood. These
changes depend on the grammar of the languange in question. It should be noted
that reported speech act that has actually taken place; it may concern future
or hypothetical discourse; for example, if you ask hm why he's wearing that
hat, he'll tell you to mind your own business. Also, even when referring to a
known completed speech act, the reporter may deviate freely from the words that
were actually used, provided the meaning is retained. This contarst with direct
speech. where there is an expectation that the original words will be
reproduced exactly.
How to Make a Direct Sentence
When reported speech repeating the exact words, this is called Direct Speech.
Direct sentences marked with punctuation comma (,) and quotes ("_")
and the use of the word 'say'.
Reporting Verb
(verb
peach)
Reported speech (sentences Direct)
Rossa said,
“i’m happy”
Jonny told me,
"I am busy"
How
to Make Indirect Sentence
When reported speech gives the main content of words used by the speaker and
not the actual words, this is called Indirect Speech. In this arrangement the
sentences connected by 'that' ('that' is not used in Direct Speech Indirect
Speech that shaped his interrogative sentence or order). The word 'say' is also
used in the indirect sentence but if the person to whom the words were given
was not mentioned while the word 'tell' is not directly used in the sentence if
the person to whom the words were given mention.
Say
|
Rossa says that she is happy.
|
Tell
|
Jonny told me that he was busy.
|
Reporting verb tense is not changed.
However, the present tense reported speech should be changed based on time
reporting verb forms.
Sentence Changes Being Direct Indirect Sentence
There are 2 main rules regarding a change in the form of time reported speech:
a) The first rule = If the reporting verb Past Tense, the verb tense in
reported speech must be transformed into one of the 4 form Past tense.
DIRECT SPEECH
|
BECOME
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
Present Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuos
|
Simple Past
|
Past Perfect
|
Past Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
Simple Future
|
Simple Past
|
Present
|
|
There is an exception to the first rule:
If the reported speech related to general truths or facts that have become
habits, or the Simple Present Present Idenfinite in reported speech are not
converted into the corresponding past tense, but remain exactly as it is.
example:
Direct
: He said, “London is a great city”.
Indirect : He said that London is a geat city.
In reported speech, when converted into
the Present Tense Past Tense with the first rule, adjectives, verbs or adverbs
are typically held the following changes:
This
|
Become
|
That
|
These
|
Those
|
Come
|
Go
|
Here
|
There
|
Hence
|
Thence
|
Hither
|
Thither
|
Ago
|
Before
|
Now
|
Then
|
Today
|
That Day
|
Tomorrow
|
Next Day
|
Yesterday
|
The Previous Day
|
Last Night
|
The Previous Night
|
Next Week
|
The Following Week
|
Thus
|
So
|
But if this, here, now, and so points to
the object, a place or a particular time is now for the speaker at the time of
preaching, then there is no change in the adjective or adverb conducted in
reported speech.
b) The second Rule = If the reporting
verb Present or Future Tense, the verb tense in reported speech was not altered
at all.
REPORTING VERB
|
REPORTED SPEECH
|
Present Tense
|
Any Tense
(form any time)
|
Future Tense
|
Sometimes there is an uncertainty about
the pronouns in reported speech he showed the people who speak or those who are
invited to speak.
Direct =
Agus says to Ali, “I am late”.
Direct = Agus says to Ali, “You are late”.
Indirect = Agus says to Ali that he is late.
2. COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two or more
independent clauses (or simple sentences) joined by coordinating conjunctions
like "and", "but", and "or." The independent
clauses are joined in one of the following waysto indicate that they form one
sentence.
Example:
• The wisdom of our ancestors is in the
simile; and my unhallowed hands shall not disturb it, or the Country's done
for.
• This must be distinctly understood, or
nothing wonderful can come of the story.
• Sometimes people new to the business
called Scrooge Scrooge, and sometimes Marley, but he answered to both names.
A compound sentence is especially effective when use to create a sense of
balance or contrast between two (or more) equally important pieces of
information:
He carried his own low temperature
always about with him; he iced his office in the dog-days; and didn't thaw it
one degree at Christmas. (Note: a semi-colon takes the place of the conjunction
and in this sentence.)
Compound
Sentences with Coordinating Conjunctions
- She did not cheat on the test, for
it was not the right thing to do.
- I think I will buy the red car or I
will lease the blue one.
- I really want to go to work but I
am too sick to drive.
- I am counting my calories yet I
really want dessert.
- He ran out of money, so he had to
stop playing poker.
- They got there early and they got
really good seats.
- There was no ice cream in the
freezer nor did they have money to go to the store.
- Everyone was busy so I went to the
movie alone.
- I would have gotten the promotion,
but my attendance wasn’t good enough.
- Should we start class now or should
we wait for everyone to get here?
- It was getting dark and we weren’t
there yet.
- Cats are good pets, for they are
clean and are not noisy.
- We have never been to Asia nor have
we visited Africa.
- He didn’t want to go to the dentist,
yet he went anyway.
Compound
Sentences with a Semicolon
- Joe made the sugar cookies; Susan
decorated them.
- The sky is clear; the stars are
twinkling.
- The waves were crashing on the
shore; it was a lovely sight.
- There were white out conditions in
the town; subsequently, the roads were impassable.
- Check back tomorrow; I will see if
the book has arrived.
- He said he was not there yesterday;
however, many people saw him there.
- I am happy to take your donation;
any amount will be greatly appreciated.
- She only paints with bold colors;
she does not like pastels.
- She works two jobs to make ends
meet; at least, that was her reason for not having time to join us.
- Malls are great places to shop; I
can find everything I need under one roof.
- Italy is my favorite country; in
fact, I plan to spend two weeks there next year.
- He turned in the research paper on
Friday; otherwise, he would have not passed the class.
Compound
Sentences in Quotes
Here are examples of compound sentences
used by well-known people:
- "A man may die, nations may
rise and fall, but an idea lives on." - John F. Kennedy
- "Always go to other people's
funerals; otherwise, they won't go to yours." - Yogi Berra
- "Any jackass can kick down a
barn, but it takes a good carpenter to build one." - Lyndon B.
Johnson
- "The drought had lasted now
for ten million years, and the reign of the terrible lizards had long
since ended." - Arthur C. Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey
- "Tell the truth, work hard,
and come to dinner on time." - Gerald R. Ford
- "Government does not solve
problems; it subsidizes them." - Ronald Reagan
- "I have often wanted to drown
my troubles, but I can't get my wife to go swimming." - Jimmy Carter
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